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El Escorial is more than a monument to the zeal of Spain’s Catholicism; it is also a symbol of Spain at its imperial apogee. This imposing, granite edifice was built by King Philip II to celebrate Spain’s victory over the French at Saint-Quentin on August 10, 1557. Paid for with New-World gold, this sprawling monastery-palace is laid out in a vast grid of corridors and courtyards. At its heart is the austere Doric basilica of San Lorenzo el Real - beneath which are the remains of eleven Spanish kings, including Philip. The story of this fascinating, enduring symbol of Spain’s monarchy...

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute...

Los agentes del sistema colonial que llegaron al territorio de la gobernación del Chocó durante el siglo xviii y comienzos del xix con el objetivo de integrar cabalmente al imperio español aquellas "selvas impenetrables" y sus "naciones salvajes", venían determinados por una matriz de representación de la realidad que se fue ajustando y enriqueciendo a medida que adquirían conocimiento de ese recóndito lugar. El Chocó, sus gentes y paisajes presenta la evolución de esas representaciones, tanto en lo relativo a la realidad natural de la zona chocoana (los mares, los montes, las...

This book is a landmark in Mexican rural history. Activists and professional historians have long argued that the nineteenth-century privatization of indigenous communal lands was the original sin that laid the ground for the agrarian strife of the twentieth century. Many also claimed that this privatization drove the political mobilizations of indigenous peasants even before the Revolution. Nevertheless, very few historians have actually studied the process through which indigenous lands were privatized, and their findings have been published mostly as tantalizing but sketchy articles. In...